Ansible

Установка Ansible на Debian 9

Ansible это система управления конфигурациями, которая используется для управления большим количеством однотипных (выполняющих одни и те же функции) хостов. В отличие от большинства конкурентов, таких как Puppet, Chef не требует установки собственного программного обеспечения - достаточно иметь доступ к компьютеру, например по SSH. Для управления конфигурациями Ansible использует Playbooks - специальным образом описанные на языке YAML сценарии.

Для установки Ansible на системах, использующих пакетный менеджер apt достаточно выполнить apt-get install.

apt-get instal ansible

Проверить, что ansible установился корректно можно командой:

ansible --version

Все настройки ansible находятся в папке /etc/ansible.

• пример рабочего /etc/ansible/ansible.conf:

---

# config file for ansible -- http://ansible.com/
# ==============================================

# nearly all parameters can be overridden in ansible-playbook
# or with command line flags. ansible will read ANSIBLE_CONFIG,
# ansible.cfg in the current working directory, .ansible.cfg in
# the home directory or /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg, whichever it
# finds first

[defaults]

# some basic default values...

inventory      = /etc/ansible/hosts
##- создайте папку /etc/ansible/playbooks/ - для своих playbooks.yaml
library        = /etc/ansible/playbooks/
remote_tmp     = ~/.ansible/tmp
local_tmp      = ~/.ansible/tmp
#forks          = 5
#poll_interval  = 15
sudo_user      = remotemyuser
ask_sudo_pass = False
ask_pass      = False
transport      = smart
remote_port    = 22
#module_lang    = C
#module_set_locale = False

# plays will gather facts by default, which contain information about
# the remote system.
#
# smart - gather by default, but don't regather if already gathered
# implicit - gather by default, turn off with gather_facts: False
# explicit - do not gather by default, must say gather_facts: True
#gathering = implicit

# by default retrieve all facts subsets
# all - gather all subsets
# network - gather min and network facts
# hardware - gather hardware facts (longest facts to retrieve)
# virtual - gather min and virtual facts
# facter - import facts from facter
# ohai - import facts from ohai
# You can combine them using comma (ex: network,virtual)
# You can negate them using ! (ex: !hardware,!facter,!ohai)
# A minimal set of facts is always gathered.
#gather_subset = all

# some hardware related facts are collected
# with a maximum timeout of 10 seconds. This
# option lets you increase or decrease that
# timeout to something more suitable for the
# environment. 
# gather_timeout = 10

# additional paths to search for roles in, colon separated
#roles_path    = /etc/ansible/roles

# uncomment this to disable SSH key host checking
#host_key_checking = False

# change the default callback
#stdout_callback = skippy
# enable additional callbacks
#callback_whitelist = timer, mail

# Determine whether includes in tasks and handlers are "static" by
# default. As of 2.0, includes are dynamic by default. Setting these
# values to True will make includes behave more like they did in the
# 1.x versions.
#task_includes_static = True
#handler_includes_static = True

# Controls if a missing handler for a notification event is an error or a warning
#error_on_missing_handler = True

# change this for alternative sudo implementations
#sudo_exe = sudo

# What flags to pass to sudo
# WARNING: leaving out the defaults might create unexpected behaviours
#sudo_flags = -H -S -n

# SSH timeout
#timeout = 10

# default user to use for playbooks if user is not specified
# (/usr/bin/ansible will use current user as default)
remote_user = remotemyuser

# logging is off by default unless this path is defined
# if so defined, consider logrotate
#log_path = /var/log/ansible.log

# default module name for /usr/bin/ansible
#module_name = command

# use this shell for commands executed under sudo
# you may need to change this to bin/bash in rare instances
# if sudo is constrained
#executable = /bin/sh

# if inventory variables overlap, does the higher precedence one win
# or are hash values merged together?  The default is 'replace' but
# this can also be set to 'merge'.
#hash_behaviour = replace

# by default, variables from roles will be visible in the global variable
# scope. To prevent this, the following option can be enabled, and only
# tasks and handlers within the role will see the variables there
#private_role_vars = yes

# list any Jinja2 extensions to enable here:
#jinja2_extensions = jinja2.ext.do,jinja2.ext.i18n

# if set, always use this private key file for authentication, same as
# if passing --private-key to ansible or ansible-playbook
#private_key_file = /path/to/file

# If set, configures the path to the Vault password file as an alternative to
# specifying --vault-password-file on the command line.
#vault_password_file = /path/to/vault_password_file

# format of string Шаблон:Ansible managed available within Jinja2
# templates indicates to users editing templates files will be replaced.
# replacing {file}, {host} and {uid} and strftime codes with proper values.
#ansible_managed = Ansible managed: {file} modified on %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S by {uid} on {host}
# {file}, {host}, {uid}, and the timestamp can all interfere with idempotence
# in some situations so the default is a static string:
#ansible_managed = Ansible managed

# by default, ansible-playbook will display "Skipping [host]" if it determines a task
# should not be run on a host.  Set this to "False" if you don't want to see these "Skipping"
# messages. NOTE: the task header will still be shown regardless of whether or not the
# task is skipped.
#display_skipped_hosts = True

# by default, if a task in a playbook does not include a name: field then
# ansible-playbook will construct a header that includes the task's action but
# not the task's args.  This is a security feature because ansible cannot know
# if the *module* considers an argument to be no_log at the time that the
# header is printed.  If your environment doesn't have a problem securing
# stdout from ansible-playbook (or you have manually specified no_log in your
# playbook on all of the tasks where you have secret information) then you can
# safely set this to True to get more informative messages.
#display_args_to_stdout = False

# by default (as of 1.3), Ansible will raise errors when attempting to dereference
# Jinja2 variables that are not set in templates or action lines. Uncomment this line
# to revert the behavior to pre-1.3.
#error_on_undefined_vars = False

# by default (as of 1.6), Ansible may display warnings based on the configuration of the
# system running ansible itself. This may include warnings about 3rd party packages or
# other conditions that should be resolved if possible.
# to disable these warnings, set the following value to False:
#system_warnings = True

# by default (as of 1.4), Ansible may display deprecation warnings for language
# features that should no longer be used and will be removed in future versions.
# to disable these warnings, set the following value to False:
#deprecation_warnings = True

# (as of 1.8), Ansible can optionally warn when usage of the shell and
# command module appear to be simplified by using a default Ansible module
# instead.  These warnings can be silenced by adjusting the following
# setting or adding warn=yes or warn=no to the end of the command line
# parameter string.  This will for example suggest using the git module
# instead of shelling out to the git command.
# command_warnings = False


# set plugin path directories here, separate with colons
#action_plugins     = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/action
#cache_plugins      = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/cache
#callback_plugins   = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/callback
#connection_plugins = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/connection
#lookup_plugins     = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/lookup
#inventory_plugins  = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/inventory
#vars_plugins       = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/vars
#filter_plugins     = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/filter
#test_plugins       = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/test
#strategy_plugins   = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/strategy

# by default callbacks are not loaded for /bin/ansible, enable this if you
# want, for example, a notification or logging callback to also apply to
# /bin/ansible runs
#bin_ansible_callbacks = False


# don't like cows?  that's unfortunate.
# set to 1 if you don't want cowsay support or export ANSIBLE_NOCOWS=1
#nocows = 1

# set which cowsay stencil you'd like to use by default. When set to 'random',
# a random stencil will be selected for each task. The selection will be filtered
# against the `cow_whitelist` option below.
#cow_selection = default
#cow_selection = random

# when using the 'random' option for cowsay, stencils will be restricted to this list.
# it should be formatted as a comma-separated list with no spaces between names.
# NOTE: line continuations here are for formatting purposes only, as the INI parser
#       in python does not support them.
#cow_whitelist=bud-frogs,bunny,cheese,daemon,default,dragon,elephant-in-snake,elephant,eyes,\
#              hellokitty,kitty,luke-koala,meow,milk,moofasa,moose,ren,sheep,small,stegosaurus,\
#              stimpy,supermilker,three-eyes,turkey,turtle,tux,udder,vader-koala,vader,www

# don't like colors either?
# set to 1 if you don't want colors, or export ANSIBLE_NOCOLOR=1
#nocolor = 1

# if set to a persistent type (not 'memory', for example 'redis') fact values
# from previous runs in Ansible will be stored.  This may be useful when
# wanting to use, for example, IP information from one group of servers
# without having to talk to them in the same playbook run to get their
# current IP information.
#fact_caching = memory


# retry files
# When a playbook fails by default a .retry file will be created in ~/
# You can disable this feature by setting retry_files_enabled to False
# and you can change the location of the files by setting retry_files_save_path

#retry_files_enabled = False
#retry_files_save_path = ~/.ansible-retry

# squash actions
# Ansible can optimise actions that call modules with list parameters
# when looping. Instead of calling the module once per with_ item, the
# module is called once with all items at once. Currently this only works
# under limited circumstances, and only with parameters named 'name'.
#squash_actions = apk,apt,dnf,homebrew,package,pacman,pkgng,yum,zypper

# prevents logging of task data, off by default
#no_log = False

# prevents logging of tasks, but only on the targets, data is still logged on the master/controller
#no_target_syslog = False

# controls whether Ansible will raise an error or warning if a task has no
# choice but to create world readable temporary files to execute a module on
# the remote machine.  This option is False by default for security.  Users may
# turn this on to have behaviour more like Ansible prior to 2.1.x.  See
# https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/become.html#becoming-an-unprivileged-user
# for more secure ways to fix this than enabling this option.
#allow_world_readable_tmpfiles = False

# controls the compression level of variables sent to
# worker processes. At the default of 0, no compression
# is used. This value must be an integer from 0 to 9.
#var_compression_level = 9

# controls what compression method is used for new-style ansible modules when
# they are sent to the remote system.  The compression types depend on having
# support compiled into both the controller's python and the client's python.
# The names should match with the python Zipfile compression types:
# * ZIP_STORED (no compression. available everywhere)
# * ZIP_DEFLATED (uses zlib, the default)
# These values may be set per host via the ansible_module_compression inventory
# variable
#module_compression = 'ZIP_DEFLATED'

# This controls the cutoff point (in bytes) on --diff for files
# set to 0 for unlimited (RAM may suffer!).
#max_diff_size = 1048576

[privilege_escalation]
become=True
become_method=sudo
become_user=root
become_ask_pass=False

[paramiko_connection]

# uncomment this line to cause the paramiko connection plugin to not record new host
# keys encountered.  Increases performance on new host additions.  Setting works independently of the
# host key checking setting above.
#record_host_keys=False

# by default, Ansible requests a pseudo-terminal for commands executed under sudo. Uncomment this
# line to disable this behaviour.
#pty=False

[ssh_connection]

# ssh arguments to use
# Leaving off ControlPersist will result in poor performance, so use
# paramiko on older platforms rather than removing it, -C controls compression use
#ssh_args = -C -o ControlMaster=auto -o ControlPersist=60s

# The path to use for the ControlPath sockets. This defaults to
# "%(directory)s/ansible-ssh-%%h-%%p-%%r", however on some systems with
# very long hostnames or very long path names (caused by long user names or
# deeply nested home directories) this can exceed the character limit on
# file socket names (108 characters for most platforms). In that case, you
# may wish to shorten the string below.
#
# Example:
# control_path = %(directory)s/%%h-%%r
#control_path = %(directory)s/ansible-ssh-%%h-%%p-%%r

# Enabling pipelining reduces the number of SSH operations required to
# execute a module on the remote server. This can result in a significant
# performance improvement when enabled, however when using "sudo:" you must
# first disable 'requiretty' in /etc/sudoers
#
# By default, this option is disabled to preserve compatibility with
# sudoers configurations that have requiretty (the default on many distros).
#
#pipelining = False

# Control the mechanism for transfering files
#   * smart = try sftp and then try scp [default]
#   * True = use scp only
#   * False = use sftp only
#scp_if_ssh = smart

# if False, sftp will not use batch mode to transfer files. This may cause some
# types of file transfer failures impossible to catch however, and should
# only be disabled if your sftp version has problems with batch mode
#sftp_batch_mode = False

[accelerate]
#accelerate_port = 5099
#accelerate_timeout = 30
#accelerate_connect_timeout = 5.0

# The daemon timeout is measured in minutes. This time is measured
# from the last activity to the accelerate daemon.
#accelerate_daemon_timeout = 30

# If set to yes, accelerate_multi_key will allow multiple
# private keys to be uploaded to it, though each user must
# have access to the system via SSH to add a new key. The default
# is "no".
#accelerate_multi_key = yes

[selinux]
# file systems that require special treatment when dealing with security context
# the default behaviour that copies the existing context or uses the user default
# needs to be changed to use the file system dependent context.
#special_context_filesystems=nfs,vboxsf,fuse,ramfs

# Set this to yes to allow libvirt_lxc connections to work without SELinux.
#libvirt_lxc_noseclabel = yes

[colors]
#highlight = white
#verbose = blue
#warn = bright purple
#error = red
#debug = dark gray
#deprecate = purple
#skip = cyan
#unreachable = red
#ok = green
#changed = yellow
#diff_add = green
#diff_remove = red
#diff_lines = cyan

Для того, чтобы ansible могу управлять каким-либо хостом, необходимо сгенерировать ему файл ключа ssh с помощью ssh-keygen. На первый вопрос о том, в какой файл сгенерировать ключ нажать enter, на второй можно ввести парольную фразу с подтверждением, но тогда ее придется вводить всякий раз когда будет запрашиваться доступ к серверу, поэтому ее также оставляем пустой.

root@debian9:~# ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:AJZ2E5a+V+dNUvMbGdAwaj8xLiCJ9EkV7TaeSA5pr4I root@debian9
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|	ooo+.oo  ++  |
|   .+oB o  .. +o |
|   . +.*...o + oo|
|  	.=..++= +o.|
|  	..S.++oB  o|
|  	. .+ oo o. |
|	.  ..    	|
|   E . .     	|
|  	.      	|
+----[SHA256]-----+

Обменяться открытыми ключами с управляемым сервером с помощью команды ssh-copy-id <имя или ip сервера>. После этого при попытке соединиться с данным сервером автоматически прочтется ключ доступа и произойдет вход на целевой сервер без дополнительных запросов.

ssh-copy-id 10.0.0.2
ssh 10.0.0.2

ssh-copy-id root@10.0.0.2
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@10.0.0.2's password:

Number of key(s) added: 1

Now try logging into the machine, with:   "ssh 'root@10.0.0.2'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.

root@debian9:~# ssh 10.0.0.2
Last login: Thu Jul 26 15:49:46 2018 from 185.11.35.28

• Для Debian на каждом управляемом хосте внести еще 2 изменения:

1. внести своего удаленного пользователя в группу sudo
2. дописать в /etc/sudoers:
   ... 
   #includedir /etc/sudoers.d
    %sudo ALL=NOPASSWD: ALL

Теперь можно добавить этот хост в файл:

/etc/ansible/hosts

Хост можно добавить отдельно или в любую группу, если хостов несколько, например в webservers

[webservers]
#alpha.example.org
#beta.example.org
#192.168.1.100
10.0.0.2

• Проверим доступность хостов для Ansible:

ansible -m ping webservers 

$ ansible dnsservers -m ping
10.0.0.2 | success >> {
    "changed": false,
    "ping": "pong"
}

Теперь создадим какой-нибудь плейбук - например установим nginx на сервер с ОС Centos. ОС на управляющем и управляемом могут не совпадать.

nano /etc/ansible/nginst.yml
---
- hosts: 10.0.0.2
  tasks:
   - name: Install Nginx
 	yum: pkg=nginx state=latest

Здесь используются следующие команды:

   hosts: задает имя или ip хоста к которому применять данное действие. Можно вписать имя группы - тогда применится ко всем членам данной группы
   tasks: описание задачи
   name: Install Nginx - наименование задачи
   yum: pkg=nginx state=latest -действие. В данном случае это установить пакет nginx через yum, ключ state определяет что делать с пакетом
   latest означает установить или обновить до последней версии, если пакет есть
   present - просто установить
   absent - удалить пакет

Теперь запустим наш плейбук командой:

ansible-playbook /etc/ansible/nginst.yml

Если все сделано правильно, то вывод должен быть такой:

root@debian9:~# ansible-playbook /etc/ansible/nginst.yml

PLAY [10.0.0.2] ****************************************************************

TASK [setup] *******************************************************************
ok: [10.0.0.2]

TASK [Install Nginx] ***********************************************************
changed: [10.0.0.2]

PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************
10.0.0.2               	: ok=2	changed=1	unreachable=0	failed=0

После этого надо запустить nginx на целевом сервере.

Для системы Debian пример для обновления нескольких хостов:

# apt-update for servers
- hosts: mediaservers
  tasks:
    - name: Update dvr
      apt: upgrade=yes update_cache=yes cache_valid_time=86400
# update all web
- hosts: webservers
  tasks:
    - name: Update www
      apt: upgrade=yes update_cache=yes cache_valid_time=86400
# update mail
- hosts: mailservers
  tasks:
    - name: Update mail
      apt: upgrade=yes update_cache=yes cache_valid_time=86400

ПОЛЕЗНОЕ:

---

• docs.ansible
• Установка Ansible на Debian 9
• Система управления конфигурацией Ansible
• Что такое Ansible и как его использовать
• Ansible apt update all packages on Ubuntu / Debian Linux