Просмотр кода страницы Bridge или как обьединять сетевые интерфейсы

Бридж (англ. bridge, мост) - это способ соединения двух сегментов Ethernet на канальном уровне, т.е. без использования протоколов более высокого уровня, таких как IP. Пакеты передаются на основе Ethernet-адресов, а не IP-адресов (как в маршрутизаторе). Поскольку передача выполняется на канальном уровне (уровень 2 модели OSI), все протоколы более высокого уровня прозрачно проходят через мост.

Термины коммутатор, мост и бридж могут использоваться на данной странице как взаимознаменяемые.

Код bridge в Linux является частичной реализацией стандарта ANSI/IEEE 802.1d. Впервые бриджинг в Linux появился в 2.2, затем код был переписан Леннертом Буйтенхеком (Lennert Buytenhek). Код bridge интегрирован в ядра серий 2.4 и 2.6.
Железо
- Intel Pentum 133
- RAM 32 mb
- hdd 1024 mb
- 2 сетевые карты 100 Mbps или 1000 Mbps (можно и больше, но желательно одинаковые).

Установка ПО
Ставим Linux Debian с минимумом пакетов, сеть не настраиваем. После установки Debian ставим несколько необходимых пакетов:

Код:
 # apt-get mc
 # apt-get install bridge-utils
 # apt-get install iproute
 # apt-get install iftop
 # apt-get install bmon
 # apt-get install openssh-server
 # apt-get install iperf


Настройка моста
Узнаем где наши сетевые карты
Код:
 # ifconfig
 eth1      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:19:5B:88:B2:85
           inet6 addr: fe80::219:5bff:fe88:c287/64 Scope:Link
           UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
           RX packets:3871824 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
           TX packets:4707022 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
           collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
           RX bytes:1031462268 (983.6 MiB)  TX bytes:1375550080 (1.2 GiB)
           Interrupt:10 Base address:0x6200
 
 eth2      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:19:5B:88:C7:86
           inet6 addr: fe80::219:5bff:fe88:c288/64 Scope:Link
           UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
           RX packets:4707923 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
           TX packets:3855788 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
           collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
           RX bytes:1377378066 (1.2 GiB)  TX bytes:1020322438 (973.0 MiB)
           Interrupt:9 Base address:0x6300
 
 lo        Link encap:Local Loopback
           inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
           inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
           UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1
           RX packets:56 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
           TX packets:56 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
           collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
           RX bytes:4396 (4.2 KiB)  TX bytes:4396 (4.2 KiB)
 

Настройки сети в Linux Debian находятся в файле /etc/network/interfaces
У меня на мосте он имеет такой вид:
Код:
# The loopback network interface
 auto lo
 iface lo inet loopback


Создаём скрипт /etc/network/if-up.d/bridge
Код:
 #!/bin/sh

# Чистим настройки от предыдущего запуска скрипта
 ifconfig br0 down # Отключаем интерфейс моста
 ifconfig eth1 down # Отключаем сетевую карту eth1
 ifconfig eth2 down # Отключаем сетевую карту eth2
 brctl delbr br0 # Удаляем имя моста

# Запускаем бридж
 brctl addbr br0 # Задаём имя бриджу
 brctl addif br0 eth1 # Указываем какие интерфейсы
 brctl addif br0 eth2 # работают в режиме моста.

brctl stp br0 off # Отключаем режим STP
 # brctl setfd br0 15 # Актуально только при
 # brctl setageing br0 60 # использовании STP

# Задаём IP моста, для дальнейшего управления им через ssh
 ifconfig br0 192.168.110.251 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 192.168.255.255

# Удаляем IP сетевых карт
 ifconfig eth1 0.0.0.0
 ifconfig eth2 0.0.0.0

# Поднимаем интерфейсы сетевых карт и моста
 ifconfig eth1 up
 ifconfig eth2 up
 ifconfig br0 up

В принципе мост готов к использованию, надо только перезагрузить компьютер или выполнить скрипт (не забудьте его сделать запускаемым от имени root 774
Код:
 # chgrp root /etc/network/if-up.d/bridge
 # chown root /etc/network/if-up.d/bridge
 # chmod 774 /etc/network/if-up.d/bridge


Настройка маршрутизации

Может возникнуть необходимость указать с какой стороны находится тот или иной компьютер. Дописываем в наш скрипт следующие команды:

# Сообщаем что ip 192.168.110.200 находится со стороны eth1
Код:
 route add -host 192.168.110.200 dev eth1

# Сообщаем что ip 192.168.88.250 находится со стороны eth2
Код:
 route add -host 192.168.88.250 dev eth2

# Сообщаем мосту с какой стороны сеть 192.168.55.0/24 (255.255.255.0)
Код:
 route add -net 192.168.55.0/24 dev eth1

После таких настроек ваш мост станет немного умнее. Теперь для проверки маршрутизации набираем команду:
Код:
 # route
 Kernel IP routing table
 Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
 192.168.110.200 *               255.255.255.255 UH    0      0        0 eth1
 192.168.88.250  *               255.255.255.255 UH    0      0        0 eth2
 192.168.55.0     *               255.255.255.0     U     0      0        0 eth1
 localnet        *               255.255.0.0     U     0      0        0 br0

Удалённое управление мостом

Входим на мост удалённо как пользователь root (под root лучше не работать):
Код:
 # ssh root@192.168.110.251


Теперь можно работать с мостом как с настольным компьютером в текстовом режиме.

Мониторинг и управление
# Удобная утилита для просмотра загрузки сети и мостаю
Код:
 bmon

# Ещё не менее полезная утилита мониторинга сети
Код:
 iftop -i br0

# инф. о сетевых интерфейсах
Код:
 ifconfig

# поднять (убить) сетевой интерфейс
Код:
 ifconfig eth1 up (down)

# инф. о мосте
Код:
 brctl show

# таблица MAC-адресов моста
Код:
 brctl showmacs br0

# ARP-таблица
Код:
 arp -a

# Снифер
Код:
 tcpdump host 192.168.110.100
<hr>
'''''Выдержка из man:'''''
NAME
       bridge-utils-interfaces - bridge-utils extensions for the interfaces(5)
       file format

DESCRIPTION
       /etc/network/interfaces  contains   network   interface   configuration
       information  for  the  ifup(8)  and  ifdown(8)  commands.  This manpage
       describes the bridge extensions  to  the  standard  interfaces(5)  file
       format.

       The  main  extension  is  the bridge_ports option, with it you describe
       that the interface is a bridge and what ports does it have. These ports
       are the interfaces that are part of the bridge, and they shouldn't have
       any stanzas defining them on  the  interfaces  file.  Other  extensions
       allow you to tune the bridge options or change a bridge behaviour.

       We'll see this with an example:
       auto br0
       iface br0 inet static
           address 192.168.1.2
           network 192.168.1.0
           netmask 255.255.255.0
           broadcast 192.168.1.255
           gateway 192.168.1.1
           bridge_ports all
       Well,  after  setting this, an ifup br0, or the next reboot, should let
       you have a bridge up and running, after waiting for the ports to get to
       the  forwarding  status,  of course. This bridge will be using all your
       ethX interfaces, as we have stated on the bridge_ports line.

       The Debian bridge setup scripts will wait for it to get ready to  work.
       They  do  this by trying to guess the maximum time that the bridge will
       need to get to the forwarding status, and by default,  they  will  wait
       for  the  bridge  to get there, or for the estimated maximum time to go
       by.  This is done so that the services that are loaded after the bridge
       setup  have  a  working  network  interface  and don't fail because the
       bridge is still not working. See bridge_maxwait if you want  to  change
       this behaviour.

       An  example  of  how  to  setup  a so called anonymous bridge (a bridge
       without an assigned IP) would look like this:
       iface br1 inet manual
            bridge_ports eth1 eth2
            bridge_maxwait 0
       Here we select the interfaces eth1 and eth2 to be added to  the  bridge
       interface  br1,  which  will  be  an anonymous bridge, we also tell the
       scripts not to wait, as we won't be having any service running on  that
       interface (it doesn't even have an IP).

       An example of a little more complex bridge setup could be:
       auto br0
       iface br0 inet static
           address 192.168.1.2
           network 192.168.1.0
           netmask 255.255.255.0
           broadcast 192.168.1.255
           bridge_ports all weird0
           bridge_bridgeprio 32767
           bridge_portprio eth0 129
           bridge_fd 5
       In  this  example we select all the eth* devices plus a weird device to
       be added to the bridge, also we change the bridge default priority to a
       higher  one  so  that  this  bridge  becomes  the root (if there are no
       bridges with higher priority on the net, that is)  and  also  we  lower
       priority  of  port eth0 so that it is not used if there are other ports
       with higher priority to reach the same destination, at the end we lower
       the default forward delay.

       If there is a need to set up any of the interfaces participating on the
       bridge and not the bridge itself, then we must add the commands to  set
       up  those  settings in a "pre-up" or "up" statement. This means that if
       we have a wireless card that we want to add to a bridge and we want  to
       set  it  to  master, and select the essid, instead of using the typical
       wireless_* commands we could add to  the  bridge  definition  something
       like this:
       pre-up iwconfig wlan0 mode master essid myESSID
       Be aware, however, that using wireless cards as part of a bridge is not
       a good idea if the card belonging to the bridge  is  in  managed  mode.
       Trying  to bridge packets coming out of our LAN through a wireless card
       that is set in managed mode (the card is a client of an AP) is bound to
       give  problems,  as the AP will probably refuse packets with source MAC
       addresses which are not associated (this will  be  the  case  of  other
       machines going through the wireless card of the bridge into the AP).

       Multiple stanzas of a bridge definition are currently not supported, so
       if you want to add a ipv6 and a ipv4 to a  bridge  do  it  all  in  one
       definition  by  using the "up" option. If however you still want to use
       multiple stanzas or would like to read more on this bug you can see  it
       at http://bugs.debian.org/319832

IFACE OPTIONS
       A   little  explanation  on  the  new  options  that  can  be  used  on
       /etc/network/interfaces to setup the bridge, so you don't  have  to  go
       and look at the scripts...

       '''bridge_ports interface specification'''
              this option must exist for the scripts to setup the bridge, with
              it you specify the ports you want to add to your bridge,  either
              using  "none" if you want a bridge without any interfaces or you
              want to add them later using brctl, or a list of the  interfaces
              you want to add separated by spaces, for example:
              bridge_ports eth0 eth4
              You  should  not  put any lines to configure the interfaces that
              will be used by the bridge, as this will be setup  automatically
              by the scripts when bringing the bridge up.

              If you need to specify the interfaces more flexibly, you can use
              the following syntax (most useful on a Xen dom0):
              bridge_ports regex (eth|vif).*
              This means to evaluate (as in  egrep(1))  the  expressions  that
              follow  after  "regex"  until  either  the  end  or  a "noregex"
              statement is reached.  The  regular  expressions  are  evaluated
              against all local interfaces and those that match are added.

              Specifying  "all"  is  short  for  "regex  eth.*  em.*  p[0-9].*
              noregex" and will get all the ethX and  biosdevname-format  (emX
              and pX) interfaces added to the bridge.

              Carrying this to the extremes, the following is valid syntax:
              bridge_ports all regex if.0 noregex ext0 regex vif.*
              This will add all ethX interfaces, the ifX0 interfaces, the ext0
              interface and all vifX interfaces.

       '''bridge_ageing time'''
              set ageing time, default is 300, can have a fractional part.

       '''bridge_bridgeprio priority'''
              set bridge priority, priority is between 0 and 65535, default is
              32768,  affects  bridge  id,  lowest priority bridge will be the
              root.

       '''bridge_fd time'''
              set bridge forward delay to time seconds,  default  is  15,  can
              have a fractional part.

       '''bridge_gcint time'''
              set  garbage  collection interval to time seconds, default is 4,
              can have a fractional part.

       '''bridge_hello time'''
              set hello time to  time  seconds,  default  is  2,  can  have  a
              fractional part.

       '''bridge_hw MAC address'''
              set the Ethernet MAC address of all the bridge interfaces to the
              specified one so that the bridge ends up  having  this  hardware
              address as well. WARNING: use this only if you know what you are
              doing, changing the MAC address of the cards may  cause  trouble
              if  you  don't  know  what  you are doing. To see the discussion
              about this feature and the problems that can cause you  can  try
              to  have  a look at the bug that asked for this feature visiting
              http://bugs.debian.org/271406

       '''bridge_maxage time'''
              set max message age to time seconds, default is 20, can  have  a
              fractional part.

       '''bridge_maxwait time'''
              forces  to  time seconds the maximum time that the Debian bridge
              setup scripts will wait for the  bridge  ports  to  get  to  the
              forwarding  status, doesn't allow factional part. If it is equal
              to 0 then no waiting is done.

       '''bridge_pathcost port cost'''
              set path cost for a port, default is 100, port is  the  name  of
              the interface to which this setting applies.

       '''bridge_portprio port priority'''
              set  port priority, default is 128, affects port id, port is the
              name of the interface to which this setting applies.

       '''bridge_stp state'''
              turn spanning tree protocol on/off, state values are on  or  yes
              to  turn  stp  on and any other thing to set it off, default has
              changed to off for security reasons in latest  kernels,  so  you
              should  specify  if you want stp on or off with this option, and
              not rely on your kernel's default behaviour.

       '''bridge_waitport time [ports]'''
              wait for a max of time seconds for the specified ports to become
              available,  if  no  ports  are specified then those specified on
              bridge_ports will be used here. Specifying no ports here  should
              not  be  used if we are using regex or "all" on bridge_ports, as
              it wouldn't work.
<hr>

'''Источники:'''
<hr>
* [http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/man5/bridge-utils-interfaces.5.html man brige]
* [https://forum.linux.by/viewtopic.php?p=64844 взято тут]
* [http://xgu.ru/wiki/Linux_Bridge еще статья]